降雨和土地利用对地表径流的影响-以北京北护城河周边区域为例

以北京北护城河周边区域为例,探讨了降雨和土地利用对地表径流的影响。选取了2011-2012 年4-11 月的15 场降雨,分别代表小雨、中雨、大雨、暴雨、大暴雨和特大暴雨这6 个雨量级。利用校准的雨洪管理模型（Storm Water Management Model, SWMM）分别模拟每次降雨事件下研究区7 个控制断面的地表径流深度。结果表明,地表径流深度随降雨量的增加显著线性增加。当降雨量在不同量级之间变化时,地表径流深度的变化幅度不尽相同。在不同的降雨事件中,降雨量和地表径流深度随时间的动态变化趋势可能有很大的差异,但地表径流深度在某一时刻的值的高低均决定于之前1~2 h 的降雨量,而地表径流深度的总体上升或下降趋势均决定于前期累积的降雨量。地表径流深度随渗透面积比例的增加显著下降,且变化曲线存在临界阈值（为15%~20%）。在暴雨、大暴雨和特大暴雨时,渗透面积比例对地表径流的影响更大。研究结果可为控制汛期城市地表径流量和洪峰流量、减少城市内涝提供土地利用和管理方面的理论依据和决策建议。     

北京河流水污染现状分析研究

通过总结近年来北京河流中氮磷、有机质和重金属等方面的研究成果,结果表明北运河水系各河段水质均较差,劣Ⅴ类水质的河流长度超过80％,城市河流污染特征明显,主要污染指标为耗氧型有机污染物和氨氮,重金属污染较轻,悬浮物中的重金属占较大的比重;永定河水系枯水期氮污染较重,主要是硝态氮超标,以颗粒态磷为主要形式的磷污染较轻,重金属含量大都低于地表水Ⅲ类标准;潮白河水系水质较好,各水质指标除个别断面外大都满足中Ⅲ类水标准,重金属含量大都符合Ⅰ～Ⅲ类水标准。     

京津冀地区面向人居环境之水安全格局初探

采用文献法对近年京津冀水资源、水环境、水污染、水灾害、水管理等水安全情势进行相关数据分析,从总体上显示出水危机问题和京津冀地区快速城市化发展的关联性.结果表明:1)京津冀城市群必须向节水型社会模式转型;2)建立区域及城市间的协调机制,才能有效克服流域与区域等级的水问题;3)实现京津冀地区水安全格局的治理行动计划网络,提出保护恢复体系、净化循环体系、限制节约体系、调度再造体系、蓄滞防洪减灾体系五大体系.     

Comparing Green and Grey Infrastructure Using Life Cycle Cost and Environmental Impact: A Rain Garden Case Study in Cincinnati,OH

Green infrastructure (GI) is quickly gaining ground as a less costly, greener alternative to traditional methods of stormwater management. One popular form of GI is the use of rain gardens to capture and treat stormwater. We used life cycle assessment (LCA) to compare environmental impacts of residential rain gardens constructed in the Shepherd's Creek watershed of Cincinnati, Ohio to those from a typical detain and treat system. LCA is an internationally standardized framework for analyzing the potential environmental performance of a product or service by including all stages in its life cycle, including material extraction, manufacturing, use, and disposal. Complementary to the life cycle environmental impact assessment, the life cycle costing approach was adopted to compare the equivalent annual costs of each of these systems. These analyses were supplemented by modeling alternative scenarios to capture the variability in implementing a GI strategy. Our LCA models suggest rain garden costs and impacts are determined by labor requirement; the traditional alternative's impacts are determined largely by the efficiency of wastewater treatment, while costs are determined by the expense of tunnel construction. Gardens were found to be the favorable option, both financially (~42% cost reduction) and environmentally (62‐98% impact reduction). Wastewater utilities may find significant life cycle cost and environmental impact reductions in implementing a rain garden plan.     

Ex situ collections and their potential for the restoration of extinct plants

The alarming current and predicted species extinction rates have galvanized conservationists in their efforts to avoid future biodiversity losses, but for species extinct in the wild, few options exist. We posed the questions, can these species be restored, and, if so, what role can ex situ plant collections (i.e., botanic gardens, germplasm banks, herbaria) play in the recovery of plant genetic diversity? We reviewed the relevant literature to assess the feasibility of recovering lost plant genetic diversity with using ex situ material and the probability of survival of subsequent translocations. Thirteen attempts to recover species extinct in the wild were found, most of which used material preserved in botanic gardens (12) and seed banks (2). One case of a locally extirpated population was recovered from herbarium material. Eight (60%) of these cases were successful or partially successful translocations of the focal species or population; the other 5 failed or it was too early to determine the outcome. Limiting factors of the use of ex situ source material for the restoration of plant genetic diversity in the wild include the scarcity of source material, low viability and reduced longevity of the material, low genetic variation, lack of evolution (especially for material stored in germplasm banks and herbaria), and socioeconomic factors. However, modern collecting practices present opportunities for plant conservation, such as improved collecting protocols and improved cultivation and storage conditions. Our findings suggest that all types of ex situ collections may contribute effectively to plant species conservation if their use is informed by a thorough understanding of the aforementioned problems. We conclude that the recovery of plant species currently classified as extinct in the wild is not 100% successful, and the possibility of successful reintroduction should not be used to justify insufficient in situ conservation.     

北京垃圾分类工作现存问题与对策建议

《北京市生活垃圾管理条例》实施以来,北京垃圾分类工作取得“六升两降”八项成效。基于现阶段北京垃圾分类工作推进情况与存在的痛点、难点问题,提出通过购买第三方服务、借助科技手段与工具、多种渠道多种方式相结合、建立长效监督评价机制等方式,为顺利推进北京垃圾分类工作提供参考。     

北京市某高层建筑高空电磁辐射环境影响分析

选取北京市某代表性高层居民楼顶平台作为高空电磁辐射环境水平监测点进行综合场强和选频监测，评价总体电磁辐射环境水平，并分析监测区域电磁辐射能量的来源。结果表明：该高空监测区域的电磁辐射环境总体水平低于国家规定的公众照射导出限值，但高于地面水平。监测区域主要受30 km 外的中波台影响，其次是9 km 外的中央电视塔。影响最大的是639 kHz频率的中波信号，占100 kHz～300 MHz总场强的95％以上，其次是1．28 MHz频率的中波信号。提出，开展敏感建筑物规划建设时，应考虑中波的传播特性和对环境的影响。     

2014年北京市城区臭氧超标日浓度特征及与气象条件的关系

根据2014年1~12月北京市环境保护监测中心监测的O₃浓度数据,综合探讨了北京市O₃的时空分布及与其气象条件的关系.结果表明:2014年北京市全年O₃小时平均浓度约为56.18 μg·m^-3,O₃超标日小时平均浓度约为148.05 μg·m^-3且超标日主要集中在5~9月;超标日O₃日变化呈现单峰型分布,06:00或07:00为低谷,15:00、16:00左右达到峰值;超标日O₃浓度在09:00~23:00明显高于夏季同时间段浓度平均;空间分布上中心城区站点O₃浓度相对较低,而城区西部植物园站点浓度最高;统计的2014年北京市O₃超标日地面形势场3种类型高压类、低压类、均压类各占16%、36%、48%;超标日O₃浓度与气压、湿度、能见度呈负相关关系,与风速、温度呈正相关关系; 2014年5月29日~6月1日北京市发生的一次O₃重污染过程是由本地光化学污染及区域输送造成的,区域输送对北京市O₃浓度有着十分重要的影响.     

2012~2013年间北京市PM2.5中水溶性离子时空分布规律及相关性分析

2012年8月~2013年7月,在北京市包括城市背景、城区、郊区以及边界传输点在内的9个监测点位进行大气细颗粒物PM2.5样品的采集与分析,共获得486个有效样本及9种水溶性离子的质量浓度.观测期间9种水溶性离子总质量浓度为60.5μg·m-3,浓度水平高低顺序分别为NO-3SO2-4NH+-4Cl-Na+K+Ca2+F-Mg2+;其中SO2-4、NO-3和NH+4(三者简称SNA)占全部所测水溶性离子的88%;NO-3是全年波动范围最大的二次离子.对所测阴、阳离子相关性研究发现,阴、阳离子总体相关性良好,春、冬季阴、阳离子相关性要好于夏、秋季.对不同颗粒质量级别中的水溶性离子研究发现,SNA积累活跃,相对于SO2-4的积累,NO-3和NH+4在二次离子的形成过程中占据主导地位;NO-3是重污染过程累积效应比较明显且贡献相对较高的二次离子.     

传统北京烤鸭烤制过程中大气污染物的排放特征

烤鸭是具有北京特色的传统美食之一,制作过程采用果木炭火烤制方式,与其它食物烹饪过程存在明显的差异,国内还未对这类餐饮源的排放特征进行过系统研究,为掌握这类餐饮源排放特征,从而为污染控制提供技术依据,选取北京市具有代表性的烤鸭店,研究了其烤鸭烤制过程中大气污染物的排放特征.结果表明,传统烤鸭烤制过程中排放的油烟、颗粒物、挥发性有机物(VOCs)和醛酮类化合物的基准排放浓度分别为(0.74±0.45)、(15.32±7.93)、(7.60±3.41)和(1.22±0.59)mg·m~(-3);颗粒物排放浓度要远高于油烟排放浓度,VOCs组分构成相对复杂,既包括烷烃、烯烃、芳香烃等VOCs也包括醛酮类、醇类、酯类等含氧VOCs和卤代烃,其中3-甲基呋喃、乙醇和乙酸甲酯的浓度最高;醛酮类化合物的主要组分有乙醛、甲醛和丙烯醛等,其中C1~C3物质占72.27%.